IntellectualPropertyandOpenContent

=**Intellectual Property and Open Content Draft 1** =

**Introduction**

 * Overview of the chapter
 * (both sides of the issue – respecting others’ rights and protecting your own)
 * Attention getter: Maybe present some modern anecdotes about struggles over copyright (Piracy, DRM, etc. fair use in education)

 If you contribute your content to an open network does that mean you loose rights to the content you’ve produced? Open environment’s are great to share information and allow for other users to provide feedback on the content. The principle author has the authority to determine the amount of access other users may have who view the content. Authors have the ability to provide permission to their material through licensing materials and having users agree to a set of terms and conditions in order to use the material or edit.  There are many issues involving funding and management of intellectual property when providing content in an open environment. The main premise of open content is that is it either free or provided at a low cost to the user. With this business model few business would be continue to produce content let alone manage the material. With this free or almost free content users tend to believe they are always permitted to use and edit the material at will, which is not always the case. The open movement has been around for sometime now, however, with the access that is available to the general public in terms of technology it is now starting to take off. This new higher demand for open content has generated many copyright and licensing issues that must be considered by not only the author but also by the end user.  The open movement is growing by leaps and bounds on a daily basis, however, educating users on the intellectual property do’s and dont’s needs to keep up. Most users of open content do not realize the use of the material maybe free or low cost but it does come with responsibility. For many users the concept is fairly new so it is the open movements responsibility not only to introduce them to this information but also educate them on the proper use. Sharing information provides everyone with an opportunity to create bigger and better things, however, if the original author is not recognized and users misuse open content provided to them reluctance will insue on the part of authors to provide open content.

**Background Information**

 * History of Intellectual Property

 Intellectual property was not invented with the open movement and has been around in one form or another since the advent of intellect. When open content was first discovered as the next frontier the idea was initially called the free software movement and was later change to be more business friendly because free is not attractive to potential investors. The term itself was coined by David Wiley in 1998 to bring together open source information and publishing content online. The World Intellectual Property Organization(WIPO) was created to help protect intellectual property and their principle owner’s. **Sharing**  Technology has allowed for the enhancement in terms of speed and distribution of information amongst the world. Collaboration prior to the advent of the Internet depending on close proximity and available reference material. If you happened to not be aware of a specific reference tool, book, or expert you would not have the opportunity to gain this knowledge prior to global access through the Internet without hearing about through word of mouth or reading about it in a periodical. Even though the idea of open content, believe it or not, was initially thought of in 1971 as a project by the Royal Society, the movement was catapulted with the access to the Internet. **WIPO** The World Intellectual Property Organization is a specialized agency apart of the United Nations that was created in 1967. According to <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">__[|wipo.int]__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> 90 percent of the countries in the world currently participate in this organization to promote a balanced and accessible intellectual property system. Members of this organization include government and private sector entities. The thought process behind this organization is to encourage creativity to stimulate economic growth, along with social and cultural development for every country. As defined by WIPO “intellectual property is any creation of the mind that include but are not limited to: invention,literary and artistic works, symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce.” <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Free Software Movement - Richard Stallman** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Richard Stallman initiated the free software movement in 1983 to provide software users with the right to run, study, edit, and redistribute content. He also founded the copy left concept of which the most popular license is the GNU General Public License. Stallman is widely known to be against software patents that restrict the use and distribution of information freely amongst users. The free software movement is rooted in the idea that copyrights prevent the improvement upon that which has already been developed and programser will be spending more time to developing similar code for similar material than actually improving current material. This in turn hurts the growth of society and the capabilities of technology because programmers are spending time on steps that have most likely been developed already when they could be spending time enhancing or building upon that which has already been developed. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**First Open Content Case - David Wiley** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Open content allows to access and make copies of content and give users certain copyright freedoms that they would not have with most commercialized material. Open content is any unique content that is produced under an open content license that permits anyone to copy and edit the material as they see fit. David Wiley is recognized as the individual who coined this term in 1998. One of the very first open environments created was in 1971 by the Royal Society in hopes to distribute information across the globe. The project was named Guttentberg and was initially created to distribute and promote ebooks amongst all users despite economic or geographical constraints. Today the project is still operational and has over 34,000 books in there archives, in which, can be accessed through Guttenberg or any of there partner affiliates. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Open Content and Open Educational Resources** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Open content and open educational resources are one in the same. As access to content increases access to educational resources grow. The creative commons license permits content and information to be used by users as long as information is not distributed amongst or used for commercial use. In light of educational uses by definition these would qualify under noncommercial use or distribution of information. Gain can and will not be seen by the institution financially if it’s students or faculty members use or enhance open content license material. In most institutions collaboration is a primary principle that is taught and open content provides just this for the students. Students and faculty have the opportunity to gather information that may have been previously unattainable because their institution did not have the funds to purchase the license to use certain research tools or references. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**( An example of an intellectual property court case to provide background on issues)**


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(Definition of the two words, there origins, who was the first to think of these terms in the light that this paper is being written, etc...)

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Copyright and Fair Use: Perception Is Not Reality
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The digital revolution has complicated the intellectual property landscape, because content can now be reformatted, reproduced, manipulated, remixed and shared with the rest of the world with little cost or effort. (Lehman, 1998, p. 12) This has led some to question, “Is copyright is dead?” (Rose, 1993) The fact is that copyright is alive and well, but it is largely misunderstood and often ignored. A number of key issues need to be addressed to ensure that producers and consumers benefit from intellectual property that is produced, especially if the goal is to encourage the creation of new content and to make open content more widely available.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Public Knowledge, Attitudes and Habits
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Modern users tend to assume that if they can easily view, share, reuse, and remix digital content that it is legal. Unfortunately, many users may unwittingly violate copyright law or other license agreements in their everyday lives. (Consumer Focus, 2010) These violations range from the altruistic teacher attempting to make instruction more effective, to a normal person making a mix CD for some friends, to an unscrupulous person selling pirated goods for profit. Whatever the underlying motivation, these violations seem to stem from three root causes: (Yu, 2003-2004)
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Misunderstanding** of copyright law and the doctrine of fair use. A national report on Intellectual Property notes, “The average citizen has only the most general understanding that there are patents, copyrights and trademarks, let alone an understanding of the legal, economic and trade issues involved. Indeed, many lawyers do not have an understanding of this highly specialized area of the law.” (Lehman, 1995, p. 201)
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Disbelief** that copyright law applies to non-commercial use. Most people clearly see piracy as wrong and infringing on copyright; however, they do not believe that personal, non-commercial use of copyrighted material constitutes infringement. (U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, 1986 and 1989)
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Or a **feeling of justification** because the current copyright laws do not reflect the morality of users or that the law lacks legitimacy (Tyler, 1996-1997, pp. 224-233). Even when educators understand that use of copyrighted material is illegal, they may choose to use the materials if they believe that depriving their students of a quality educational experience is morally worse. (Rice, 1991 and Rothman, 2001) Users may feel that current copyright laws are illegitimate because publishers have had undo influence on the changes made in those laws during the last 100 years. (Samuelson, 1996 and Vaidhyanathan, 2001)

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Instructional designers may sympathize with the viewpoint that current copyright laws are too restrictive; however, they are bound to uphold high ethical standards of the profession which include adherence to “intellectual property regulations.” (IBSTPI, 2010)

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Fair Use: “The Most Troublesome” Doctrine
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">For many years, the courts have recognized that the doctrine of fair use is “the most troublesome in the whole law of copyright." (Dellar v. Samuel Goldwyn, Inc., 1939). The problem stems from the fact that no “definitive rules” have been enacted by Congress. Instead, the courts must judge each case based on the specific facts and circumstances. (Sony Corp. of Amer. v. Universal City Studios, 1984) Educators are often provided with guidelines specifying the exact amounts of copyrighted materials that constitute fair use (Wagner, 1998, pp. 12-13); however, those guidelines “have no standing as law” since they are are derived from notes that accompanied the historical record of the fair use legislation. (Hyde, 2010)

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The uncertainty surrounding the fair use doctrine has understandably caused problems for instructional designers and educators. Some may relinquish their legal rights and “act as if fair use does not exist,” especially if consulting with experts in copyright law is too expensive or impractical. (Gerhardt & Wessel, 2010, p. 465) Others may delude themselves into thinking that almost every instructional use is considered fair use, thereby exposing themselves and their clients to possible legal action. Finally, some may voluntarily limit their rights by following guidelines to which they are not legally bound. Whatever the case, fair use is a powerful tool that can and should be used to design effective instruction, but practitioners must develop decision-making strategies that balance their rights and the legal limits.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">International Differences
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The services of instructional designers may be needed in a variety of settings around the world. Although the United States has signed treaties with over 200 other countries, a relatively small number of treaties pertain directly to intellectual property (U.S. Copyright Office, 2010, p. 2). It is the responsibility of instructional designers to familiarize themselves with local intellectual property laws and international conventions to ensure that they respect the rights of others and that they protect their own rights and the rights of their clients. The Copyright Act (1976) in the U.S. gives the same rights to all works regardless of their origin; however, other countries may differ greatly in this respect. When working for international clients, special attention should be paid to provisions covering works produced by foreign authors. (U.S. Copyright Office, 2010, p. 1)

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Fair Use Decision-making Balance Model
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Fair use is a powerful tool that can and should be used to design effective instruction, but practitioners must develop decision-making strategies balance their rights and the legal limitations of fair use. Section 107 of the Copyright Act of 1976 specifies four factors within limited contexts that must be considered when claiming fair use. To aid in the evaluation of fair use for particular content, a decision-making balance model is provided below.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">For each factor, make a mark on the “Yes” or “No” side of the balance that best matches the intended use. If all marks fall on the “Yes” side, your use of the content will probably be fair. If some marks lie on the “No” side your use may still be fair, but you should consult with a copyright expert to be sure.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Instructional designers are also encouraged to study O’Brien’s (1998) hypothetical fair use case for its detailed analysis of the four factors as well as its multimedia training context.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Licensing: Promoting Access and Incentives
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Instructional designers work at the intersection where the interests of content producers and public consumers meet. One part of their identity is closely tied to the educational mission of their clients, which may favor the use of open content and broad application of the doctrine of fair use. However, they also produce instructional content for their clients that may have commercial value depending on how the copyright is defined and enforced. By clearly licensing their work, instructional designers can work to strike the important Constitutional balance between incentives that encourage the creation new works and public access to use and learn from those works. (Sony Corp. Of Amer. v. Univ. City Studios, 1984, n21-n23)

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Creative Commons Licenses
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">As soon as an instructional designer creates a new work in a “tangible form” he or she instantly gains copyrights over it (17 U. S. C. § 102(a), 1982 ed.). Due to contractual obligations, this copyright is usually transferred to the client. Based on the client’s wishes and interests, the instructional designer should select an appropriate license to specify exactly how the work may be used.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Creative Commons provides a simple framework of standardized licenses for most creative works (excluding software). Creative Commons licenses have the advantages of being widely-recognized, versatile, and they may include metadata that can embedded in certain file types. The table below may be used to select the best license for an instructional design product. Licenses are presented from least restrictive to most restrictive, and each license name is linked to a web page with instructions for adding the appropriate license to your work.


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Table 1: **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Creative Commons License Selection Table **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Icon || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">License Name || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Recommended Use ||
 * [[image:https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/0q3vrGiCdrGaZUAiXBZj1Qyt7tJxt-9Hwq_xlPe4A7v27k-bXGFThR9XC2bTpKmFN9hn76Vctwio3jXdJoCHjFaiVpodvjgEh1mLAB5lCocmo17VWwA width="96" height="35"]] || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Public Domain Dedication__]

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__(CC0 1.0)__] || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The work no longer belongs to the creator in any meaningful sense under copyright law. Any use is allowed and credit does not have to be given. ||
 * [[image:https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/eogHsU3oHui6e7X4UakvP9TIDC25dGGnIJWHSC21qE2PRvGA1i5E5kfl6SXkn8R9C7czNYzZFCK4WcPsWya3sBk1yIWDVxDXnUWBI63kSkHI6366Y68]] || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Creative Commons Attribution 3.0__]

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__(CC BY 3.0)__] || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This license lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the original creation. This is the most accommodating of licenses offered. Recommended for maximum dissemination and use of licensed materials. ||
 * [[image:https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/t4GLb9NvQ-4VKPCeuu5mTxQkWv0b1zCZfLzCSvMZ-ANHZA3AAglZzsujwCYY4kuy5eDq0NyONkJDk4SwIWMGX0TyzoKFi2033TiW08T-CD8oDqQsro8]] || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Creative Commons__]

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0__]

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__(CC BY-SA 3.0)__] || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work even for commercial purposes, as long as they credit you and license their new creations under the identical terms. All new works based on yours will carry the same license, so any derivatives will also allow commercial use. ||
 * [[image:https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/ON2lrz2dAAcc_HonyWk4hEIUazktdLwtANo7GL8rXhKYDKNeVPBFd3yG1tU1VMN1pzFM1m23_T1HPz2O0dOB6F4DhAeXZEz_-rnuIAdHQaaSMjwGaRs]] || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Creative Commons__]

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0__]

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__(CC BY-ND 3.0)__] || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This license allows for redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged and in whole, with credit to you. ||
 * [[image:https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/zwBlnPma8H_PzOQZKXUA7HqlawTGTNpNpTXrzP2GjZmo2FYhFnkg_a_pZscwEL4v4Trsb9r1cjI976n6JEPP25ItBadoCG8yS1fW1zCVyH-fmTlK9aw]] || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Creative Commons__]

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 (CC BY-NC 3.0)__] || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms. ||
 * [[image:https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/C3arpGkkI__Y8wnGsl_gHwpLP3bs3t5GIotrxntGolq8z0pDio9z14HtFKeKQeIEWn8f4kzVHnUJ8efXSmU69ixZDhaWTXPMIS-u_rJCNrW2cf5Z-r8]] || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Creative Commons__]

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Attribution-NonCommercial-__]

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__ShareAlike 3.0__]

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__(CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)__] || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, as long as they credit you and license their new creations under the identical terms. ||
 * [[image:https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/0xfYpzJ7bWIqrwrLB8_8P5hN8zdt3qqvCFLHuyPlPXxqmyldoJ6R5hZwQ29T21MzuqxXvQH2LVgrJjLQqeWtrVL8zjwhhwWDPzGMJ1sqEyAqPCdFbec]] || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Creative Commons__]

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Attribution-NonCommercial-__]

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__NoDerivs 3.0__]

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__(CC BY-NC-ND 3.0)__] || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This license is the most restrictive of our six main licenses, only allowing others to download your works and share them with others as long as they credit you, but they can’t change them in any way or use them commercially. || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">All Rights Reserved || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline;">__Not__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> a Creative Commons License. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Aside from fair use, users must have explicit permission to use make copies, share, or use the content. ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 64px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">© || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Copyright

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Note: All Creative Commons logos and descriptions in the table above are reused from the <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Creative Commons Licenses__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> web page and the <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Creative Commons Downloads__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> web page. Creative Commons also provides a <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__license selection tool__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> that works quite well.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Additional Licensing Considerations
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Although the licenses listed above may cover most instructional design products, other considerations should be made.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Licensing Software: Creative Commons licenses are not appropriate for software. A list of recommended open software licenses can be found at the Free Software Foundation < <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">> or at the Open Source Initiative < <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://www.opensource.org/licenses/category__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">>.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Creative Commons Licenses are Irrevocable: Once another user has obtained your work, the license that was attached to the work still applies. They may use the work according to the license even if you change your mind(Before Licensing, 2011).
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Specify What You Are Licensing: Include the elements of your content that are being licensed in your license statement. (For example, “All text and images in this module are licensed...”) This can even apply to HTML markup, programming code, and style sheets on a website (Before Licensing, 2011).
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Technological Counter-measures Are Not Allowed: Digital Rights Management (DRM) systems violate Creative Commons licenses, and cannot be used to restrict user access to licensed content. Clients who wish to limit access and use of content should make clear that they are reserving all of their rights under copyright law (FAQ.-CC Wiki, 2011).

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Management

 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Rights Metadata
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Different models
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Copyright Clearance Center (and others)

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Instructional Design Strategies/Protocols
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">During the process of instructional development designers should be carry out the following steps to avoid copyright violations.
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Determine Content Type**: The designer should ask herself, what is the most effective type of content to support the learning objectives and activities? Possibilities often include images and text, but they may also include audio, video, games, and interactive applications.
 * 2) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Create or Select Content**: The following choices
 * 3) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Create Original Content**: Designers often know exactly what they want for a particular design, but they cannot find suitable content that already exists. This option may produce content that perfectly meets the designer's expectations, but it may be time-consuming, expensive, and the quality may not meet expectations.
 * 4) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Select Open Content**: Designers should develop a list of go-to repositories that house open content or that allow searching by license type. A great place to start the search is on the Creative Commons website (URL: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://search.creativecommons.org/__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">), which displays results that may allow reuse, sharing, and modification.
 * 5) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Select Copyrighted Content**: If creating original content is not feasible and open content is not available, designers may attempt to use copyrighted content in their design. If the desired use is determined to be fair use, the content may be incorporated into the design (See “Fair Use Decision-making Balance Model”)
 * 6) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Confirm License/Copyright Status**: If designers select existing content, it is probably safest to assume that the content is copyright protected. They should then see if the content is covered by a Creative Commons-type license, and if so, what is allowed under the license. If no open license can be found for the desired content, the designer should proceed to the next step.
 * 7) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Locate the Copyright Holder**: Instructional designers must locate the copyright holder for content that they would like to use. The Harry Ransom Center provides excellent advice for locating copyright holders at the following URL: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://tyler.hrc.utexas.edu/us.cfm#Q5__]
 * 8) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Clear the Copyright**: Once a copyright holder is located, the instructional designer should get permission to use, share, and/or modify the content. This usually involves contacting the copyright holder directly or by obtaining permission through a licensing agency, such as the Copyright Clearance Center (2011). WATCH (Writers, Artists and Their Copyright Holders) at the Harry Ransom Center maintains a listing of copyright licensing agencies, collectives, and organization representing copyright holders at the following URL: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://tyler.hrc.utexas.edu/resources.cfm__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Designers should be mindful that copyright clearance can be time consuming, and often involves a payment. The agreement may also not provide sufficient flexibility to use the content as desired.
 * 9) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Restart the Selection Process or Include the Content in the Design**: If the copyrighted content cannot be used, the selection process must be restarted. Otherwise, the selected content can be added into the instructional design. One option for using copyrighted content may be to simply link to the content, so users can view/use the content in its original context.
 * 10) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**License the Design**: Instructional Designers should license their designs according to the wishes of their clients. Special thought should be given to unintended uses such as sharing, reuse, remixing in the future. This may involve applying an open, Creative Commons license or by including an explicit copyright notice. This will help remove confusion about permitted uses of the design in the future.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Additional Protections

 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Authorship
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Attribution
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Piracy
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">DRM
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">DCMA

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Summary
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> As open content gains popularity activist must also educate users on use of intellectual property. There are many varying licenses that open content can carry and much has to do deal with the restrictions on use and ability to revise the content. Even though open content is free to the user, in most instances, it may not be free in the long run. Users will either gain this knowledge through experience or word of mouth. The access to information gained from open content sources provides users with the ability to truly provide the best content or materials and improve upon that which has already been done. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> In our capitalist society it is sometimes a difficult thought to process that material can be provided without or at a minimal cost. Copyrights were created to protect intellectual property so that it could be used for personal gain. It will take sometime to transfer, if it will ever happen, the thought process of our society that sharing is not beneficial to the individual who is sharing information at no cost. As America’s we want to protect ourselves and livelihood and to this day if you create a unique program, idea, invention, or any creative content to do so you get a patent or copyright. To truly better our society in ways that could only occur through contributions amongst a group of individuals rather than just one individual or entity as a society we must embrace the open concept. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> The issues that exist today between intellectual property and open content will not be resolved in a day and will take a change in perception amongst members of our society, the business world, and creative thinkers. Deciding to provide content and materials for free is not difficult it is the economics of it all. Creative and innovative thinkers can not live off of providing free information to others, however, they can if they are able to understand the business side of things and recruit advertising firms and dollars to accompany the free content. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> When profit margins are established by the advertisement money that is attached to the deliverance of free content that is when societies thought process on creating this type of content will be more favorable. To totally change what drives our society, money, in the matter of a few years is a tall order but if the incentive to produce open content was accompanied by the possibility of receiving advertising dollars then the flood gates could open. Not only will open content become common place it would most likely put the idea of paying for programs obsolete because with the infusion of advertising money quality will not be as much of a concern as it is today.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">References
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Copyright Act of 1976, 17 U.S.C. § 107

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Copyright Clearance Center | The Rights Licensing Experts. (2011). . Retrieved June 1, 2011, from <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://www.copyright.com/content/cc3/en.html__]

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Dellar v. Samuel Goldwyn, Inc., 104 F.2d 661, 662 (CA2 1939)

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Fitzgerald, B. (2007). Open Content Licensing (OCL) for Open Educational Resources (p. 25). OECD’s Centre for Educatioal Research and Innovation (CERI). Retrieved from <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/33/10/38645489.pdf__]

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Gerhardt, D., & Wessel, M. (2010). Fair Use and Fairness on Campus. North Carolina Journal on Law & Technology, UNC Legal Studies Research Paper No. 1594934, 11(3: Special), 461-530.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Hyde, L. (2010). Freedom To Teach: Claiming Educational Fair Use. Berkman Center for Internet & Society. Retrieved from <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/research/freedomtoteach__]

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">IBSTPI. (2010). Code of Ethical Standards. International Board of Standards for Training, Performance, and Instruction. Retrieved June 6, 2011, from <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://www.ibstpi.org/Competencies/codesofethicalstandards.htm__]

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Lehman, B. A. (1995). Intellectual Property and the National Information Infrastructure: The Report of the Working Group on Intellectual Property Rights (p. 267). Information Infrastructure Task Force. Retrieved from <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/com/doc/ipnii/ipnii.pdf__]

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Liang, L. (2005). Copyright, Cultural Production and Open-Content Licensing. The Indian Journal of Law and Technology, 1, 96-157.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Litman, J. (1996). Copyright Noncompliance (Or Why We Can’t Just Say Yes to Licensing). New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, 29(1-2), 237-254.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">McMartin, F. (2008). Section Introduction: “Open Educational Content: Transforming Access to Education.” In T. Iiyoshi & M. S. V. Kumar (Eds.), Opening Up Education: The Collective Advancement of Education throiugh Open Technology, Open Content, and Open Knowledge (pp. 135-148). Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England: The MIT Press. Retrieved from <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/chapters/0262033712pref1.pdf__]

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Moody, G. (2006, April 26). Learning the lesson: open content licensing [LWN.net]. LWN.net. Retrieved May 20, 2011, from <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://lwn.net/Articles/181374/__]

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Open Source Licenses by Category | Open Source Initiative. (2011). Open Source Initiative. Retrieved May 20, 2011, from <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://www.opensource.org/licenses/category__]

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Rice, R. L. J. (1991, November 15). Behavior, Opinions, and Perceptions of Alabama Public School Teachers and Principals Regarding the Unauthorized Copying and Use of Microcomputer Software. Presented at the MSERA Annual Meeting, Lexington, KY. Retrieved from <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/detail?accno=ED340703__]

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Rose, L. (1993, November). Is Copyright Dead on the Net? Wired, 1(05). Retrieved from <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/1.05/1.5_copyright.on.net.html__]

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Rothman, D. H. (2001). Copyright and K-12: Who Pays in the Network Era? Washington, DC: Office of Educational Technology, U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved from <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://www2.ed.gov/Technology/Futures/rothman.html__]

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Samuelson, P. (1996, January). The Copyright Grab. Wired, 4(01). Retrieved from http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.01/white.paper_pr.html

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Schoner, V., Buzza, D., Harrigan, K., & Strampel, K. (2005). Learning Objects in Use: “Lite” Assessment for Field Studies. Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 1, 1-18.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Sony Corp. OF Amer. v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417 (1984)

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Stallman, R. M. (2010). Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It’s a Seductive Mirage - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF). GNU Operating System. Retrieved May 20, 2011, from <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.html__]

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Treaties and Contracting Parties: General Information. (2011). World Intellectual Property Organization. Retrieved May 20, 2011, from <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/general/__]

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The United States Constitution. (1788, June 21). . Retrieved May 31, 2011, from <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://www.house.gov/house/Constitution/Constitution.html__]

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Time to change the tune: Consumer research briefing on copyright. (2010). . London: Consumer Focus. Retrieved from <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://www.consumerfocus.org.uk/files/2010/10/Consumer-Focus-Time-to-change-the-tune.pdf__]

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. (1989). Copyright and Home Copying: Technology Challenges the Law ( No. OTA-CIT-422) (p. 292). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved from <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://www.fas.org/ota/reports/8910.pdf__]

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. (1986). Intellectual Property Rights in an Age of Electronics and Information ( No. OTA-CIT-302) (p. 306). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved from <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://www.fas.org/ota/reports/8610.pdf__]

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">U.S. Copyright Office. (2010). International Copyright Relations of the United States ( No. 38a.1110). Washington, DC: Library of Congress. Retrieved from <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ38a.pdf__]

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Various Licenses and Comments about Them - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF). (2010). GNU Operating System - Free Software Foundation. Retrieved May 20, 2011, from <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html__]

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Wagner, K. I. (1998). Intellectual property: Copyright implications for higher education. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 24(1), 11-19. doi:10.1016/S0099-1333(98)90135-5

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What is Intellectual Property? (2006). United States Patent and Trademark Office. Government,. Retrieved May 20, 2011, from <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/ac/ahrpa/opa/museum/1intell.htm__]

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Wiley, D. (2011). Defining the “Open” in Open Content. Open Content. Retrieved May 20, 2011, from <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://www.opencontent.org/definition/__]

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Wiley, D. (2007). On the Sustainability of Open Educational Resource Initiatives in Higher Education (p. 21). OECD’s Centre for Educatioal Research and Innovation (CERI). Retrieved from <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/33/9/38645447.pdf__]

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Yu, P. K. (2003). Four Misconceptions about Copyright Piracy. Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review, 26(1), 127-150.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: -22pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Adam’s additional References

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">__[|wipo.int]__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> viewed 6/4/11 <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">__[|wikipedia.org]__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> viewed 6/4/11

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Terms and Definitions**

 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Intellectual property
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Open content
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Open educational resource (OER)
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Copyright
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Trademark
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Patent
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Trade secret
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Creative Commons license
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Fair use
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Digital Rights Management (DRM)